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I1L, I1R
Type: Pharyngeal interneuron
(also anterior sensory?)
Connectivity:
- In MoW:
- In WormWiring: I1Lh, I1Rh
- In Nemanode: I1L, I1R
In Wormbase: I1, I1L, I1R
Lineage: AB alpapppaa, AB arapappaa
Location: Pharynx anterior bulb
Description: Pharyngeal interneurons. The anterior projections from these cells insert onto muscles pm1 and pm2s, and have a free subcuticular, proprioceptive-like (postulated sensory) ending at the anterior end (Cook et al., 2020). They also extend to the basement membrane here to receive input from the somatic RIP neurons. The posterior axonal projections of the I1s run within the subventral nerve cords and then run around the pharyngeal nerve ring to the dorsal side where they meet in gap junctions. The termination of the anterior projections in the dorsal pharyngeal nerve cord is variable (Albertson and Thomson, 1976). |
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Neurotransmitter/Neuropeptide:
- Acetylcholine
- NLP-3; neuropeptide-like protein
(Pereira et al., 2015; Loer and Rand, 2022; Duerr et al., 2008; Nathoo et al., 2001)
Innexin expression:
- INX-1a
- INX-1b
- INX-2
- INX-18a
- UNC-7
- UNC-9
(Altun et al., 2009; Bhattacharya et al., 2019)
Receptor expression:
- GLR-7; glutamate receptor subunit
- GLR-8; glutamate receptor subunit
(Brockie et al., 2001)
Function:
- Pharyngeal pumping modulator: In the absence of food, ablation of I1 neurons causes a reduction in pharyngeal pumping (Trojanowski et al., 2014).
- Response to light: Exposure to short wavelength light interrupts pharyngeal pumping. Ablation of the I1 neurons disrupts this response (Bhatla et al., 2015).
Reporters:
- At CGC: OH4141 zdIs21 [zag-1::GFP] IV
- Other:
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 Click pictures for higher resolution images
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Click here for larger version
I1L (AB alpapppaa) development in the embryo. Dorsal view. Bottom is left side of the embryo. Spheres indicate individual nuclei. Black sphere: ancestors of I1L; dark grey spheres: apoptotic cells; other cells follow the WA color code (after they acquire specific cell or tissue identities). 0 min is fertilization. Click on the movie for higher resolution rendition (by A. Santella & Z. Bao). |
Click here for larger version
I1R (AB arapappaa) development in the embryo. Dorsal view. Bottom is left side of the embryo. Spheres indicate individual nuclei. Black sphere: ancestors of I1R; dark grey spheres: apoptotic cells; other cells follow the WA color code (after they acquire specific cell or tissue identities). 0 min is fertilization. Click on the movie for higher resolution rendition (by A. Santella & Z. Bao). |
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Last revision: May 23, 2025 |
