GENE NAME

(C. elegans book II CSHL Press, 1997.Rand J.B. and Nonet M.L. Appendix II: Neurotransmitter assignments for specific neurons)

Altun-Gultekin Z. F. et al. 2001

Rand J.B. et al 1998

2ALN's, 11AS's ,4CA's, 9DA's, 7DB's, 2HSN's(weak and variable staining), M1, 2M2's, M4( variable staining), M5, MC (weak or nonexistent staining), 2PLN's, 4SAA's, 3SAB's, 2SDQ's, 4SIA's, 4SIB's,
4SMB's, 4SMD's, 12VA's, 11VB's, 6VC's, 2AIY's, 2AIA's.

Note: there are approximately 100 cholinergic neurons in C. elegans, most of which are excitatory motor neurons.

Ab staining

unc-17 and cha-1 are in an operon and expressed in the same cells.

see cha-1

Eastman C.L. et al. 1999

19 D neurons of ventral cord (DD and VD classes), 4RME's, AVL, RIS, DVB

unc-25::GFP reporter

Lee R.Y.N. et al. 1999

15 different anatomical types (ADA, ALM, ASH, ASK, AUA, and AVJ or AIN, AVM, FLP, IL1, LUA, OLL, OLQ, PLM, PVD, and PVR; 34 cells total) of extrapharyngeal neurons. In the pharynx: M3, NSM, possibly I5.

eat-4::GFP reporter also eat-4::LacZ reporter

Duerr J.S. et al. 1999

all Dopamine and 5-HT cells + others: ADE, PDE, CEP, NSM, HSN,VC4,VC5, ADF, RIH, AIM, RIC, CAN, an additional pair in lat ganglia (weak staining)+ some male-specific cells in VC and the tail.

Ab staining

VMaT transports monoamines into synaptic vesicles from cytosol; hence, has serotonin, DA, NE, tyramine, octopamine, histamine transport activity (exists in DA, 5-HT, octopamine, histamine, NE and E neurons)

note: HSNs and VC4 and VC5 express both VAChT and VMaT (Duerr J. S. et al 2001).

Lints R. and Emmons S.W. 1999

two ADE, two PDE, and four CEP neurons, three pairs of ray neurons (R5A, R7A, R9A) in the male tail, 4 socket cells of the male spicules

cat-2::GFP reporter

Jayanthi L.D. et al, 1998

Nass R. et al, 2001

Sze J.Y. et al. 2000

2NSM's, 2ADF's, 2HSN's(hermaphrodite-specific), 6CP's (male-specific),2 AIM's (rarely), RIH (rarely)

tph-1::GFP reporter

(see below for complete serotonergic neurons list)

Note:cod-5 is not tph-1 and cod-5 animals are not serotonin-deficient (C. Loer-pers. comm).

Note: Both tph-1 and bas-1 (AAAD) knockouts have residual serotonin-immunoreactivity that either represents serotonin coming from an unexpected source, or some serotonin relative molecule that may accumulate to sufficient levels in the mutants to be seen with the antibody. cat-4(e1141) has also been reported as having residual serotonin-immunoreactivity (C. Loer-pers. comm).

Note: phenylalanine hydroxylase bas-2, is not expressed in neurons.

Loer and Kenyon, 1993

C. elegans book II CSHL Press, 1997.Rand J.B. and Nonet M.L. Appendix II: Neurotransmitter assignments for specific neurons

Sze J.Y. et al. 2000

Sawin E.R. et al. 2000

Lints R. et al., 2004

2 NSM's, RIH, 2 ADF's, 2 AIM's, CP1-6 (male), 2 R1B's (male), 2 R3B's (male), 2 R9B's (male), CA1-4 (male), 2 HSN's (herm), VC4 (herm), VC5 (herm),2 PHB's, I5, RPAG (=unpaired, Right Preanal Ganglion Neuron; PDC or PGA?; male-specific)

Note:CA1-4; weak and unreliable staining.
VC4,VC5: weak and unreliable staining

histochemistry and immunostaining (anti-serotonin)

5-HT functions in the worm:

- pharyngeal pumping (increases)

- egg-laying (increases)

- foraging behavior

- male-mating

- locomotion (inhibits)